s/a/b/ -- substitute a with b
^ -- beginning of a line
.\{10\} -- "." matches anything, \{10\} ten occurences of "."
\(...\) -- saves the match in the registers \1 to \9
Thus to add a comma after the 10th, 20th and 30th charachter.
sed 's/^\(.\{10\}\)\(.\{10\}\)\(.\{10\}\)\(.*\)/\1,\2,\3,\4/' file