Please have a look at the link encrypted posted - there are many date manipulation techniques presented there.
Also; it might be worth posting your flavour of UNIX (uname -a), and which shell you're using (echo $SHELL; echo $0) so we can deduce what will be applicable to you - for example, using a system with GNU date installed gives the option of using the flexible -d option to date.
How do you think that you are going to be able to grab the time and date and manipulate it without calling unix functions. This must be a school assignment, that is the only reason that I can see that you wouldn't want to use already written functions.