In my own opinion, the ubiquitous 'Hello, world!' program; which I tend to write every single time I wish to test out any 'new' programming language that I'm interested in learning; as, basically, it proves 4 absolutely essential things...
1> I've downloaded/installed/set up the programming language/environment, correctly
2> I know how to interact with the editor in order to be able to 'write' programs
3> I know how to 'RUN' the program
4> I know how to 'view' the programs output effect
...all of which the 'beginner' programmer really needs to know; before they are ever going to learn to move on to do more advanced coding.
Whether I write it as...
BASIC/QBASIC
PRINT "Hello, world!"
Python
print "Hello, world!"
Javascript
document.write("Hello, world!");
Java
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
Pascal
Writeln('Hello, world!');
DOS Batch file
ECHO "Hello, world!"
HTML
<body>Hello, world!</body>
-etc.
...and, in this particular context, it doesn't really have any 'specific' meaning at all; most certainly, the program isn't meant to be talking to anybody else; but, myself.
>>>
In the popular program's "hello world" greeting, what meaning the "world" has: "all", "everybody", "people", "friends" or "whole world", "planet", "Earth", "Universe"?
<<<
...thus, it could actually mean 'all' of those things which you've already gone and mentioned above; or, it could even mean, simply, 'Hello, to oneself!'
I think, it's true meaning is, toss out a few utterly 'meaningless' characters/or, phrase onto the output screen to test if the program is working/or, not...?!
You could just as easily have written your test program as being...
BASIC/QBASIC
PRINT 0
...or,...
BASIC/QBASIC
PRINT 1+1
...there's no, quite truly, sensible meaning to it in terms of speech; no more than the 2 lines of code above do have any real meaning in terms of presenting a serious mathematical problem to be solved; the program's intention is merely to produce some quick throw away 'test' output; that's it!
---------- Post updated at 01:46 PM ---------- Previous update was at 01:35 PM ----------
Purely, as a matter of general conventional practice, alone; programmer's tend to use, "Hello, world!" as being the very 1st program that they choose to type in. I guess, it's the same thing as when people use the nonsense term: foo/bar; to represent variable names.